Abstract: Distributed brillouin optical fiber sensing technology has demonstrated significant application value in infrastructure health monitoring and other fields due to its high sensitivity and immunity to electromagnetic interference.This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in this technology:firstly, from the perspective of physical mechanisms, it provides an in-depth analysis of the sensing characteristics of spontaneous brillouin scattering and stimulated brillouin scattering.Secondly, it focuses on key technologies such as pre-pump pulses, pulse combinations, and signal processing algorithms for improving spatial resolution.Subsequently, it summarizes in detail the innovative breakthroughs in distributed raman amplification and optical pulse coding technologies for extending sensing distance.Current technological developments exhibit a dual emphasis on hardware and algorithms, with signal processing algorithms showing greater potential for engineering applications due to their non-invasive nature and cost-effectiveness.In the future, integrating artificial intelligence technology is expected to enable intelligent analysis and real-time early warning of monitoring data, further expanding the application scope of this technology.